In the world of Chinese instruments, one character plays a larger role than all the rest.
Until the 1920s, the character 琴 (qín) had a very specific meaning – it was only used to refer to the 古琴 (gǔqín), an ancient Chinese instrument. Now however, 琴 can be used to refer to any musical instrument that has strings. Ironically, its leap in status to cover all musical instruments came about due to its "marriage" with a Western instrument – distinctions arose when people needed to make clear they were referring to a different instrument: the 钢琴 (gāngqín), known to the rest of us as the piano.
The character 琴 was once written as shown in the left picture, as an almost exact side view of the instrument. The two vertical strokes resemble the strings, and the horizontal strokes resemble the capos and the curved stroke draws the outline of the resonance chamber. The current form 琴 is simply a pictophonetic character (形声字 xíngshēng zì).
The character has plenty of, well, character, and as such there are many stories about it.
It is said that in the Spring and Autumn Period (771 to 476 BC), there was a famous performer, Bo Ya, who came across someone with an eerily talented ear, named Zhong Ziqi.
As Bo Ya thought about the lofty mountains, Zhong Ziqi was immediately able to tell what he was thinking about from the music. When Bo Ya was thinking about flowing water, Zhong Ziqi again read Bo Ya's thoughts. Whatever Bo Ya played, Zhong Ziqi was immediately able to read his mind. This earned him the reputation of being called a 知音 (zhīyīn), someone who understands the music, hence a bosom friend. When Zhong Ziqi died, Bo Ya broke his instrument and was determined never to play it again, because he had lost his 知音. And today we still have those two pieces of music 高山 (Gāoshān), lofty mountains, and 流水 (Liúshuǐ), flowing water.
Another popular piece of 古琴 music, 酒狂 (Jiǔkuáng), which literally means "drunken ecstacy," is said to have been composed by the rabble-rousing idealist Ruǎn Jí, who was one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In addition for his famed poetry and outspokenness, he was also known far and wide as a drunk. As the story goes, on one occasion he drank so much he was "dead drunk" for sixty days in a row, which was actually part of a ploy to avoid being tied into a marriage with the royal family, which in his eyes evidently came with too many strings attached.
By putting 琴 and a similar musical instrument, 瑟 (sè) together, along with the word for harmony (和谐 hé xié), the idiom 琴瑟和谐 is created, which literally means that the sound of both instruments are in concord, and thus also means marital harmony.
琴 is a symbol of noble culture and there are idioms to reflect how it should be respected. One points out that eating a beautiful animal like a 鹤 (hè) crane, or burning a beautiful instrument like the 琴, represents the destruction of beauty. Thus to 煮 (zhǔ) stew the crane and 焚 (fén) burn the 琴, or 煮鹤焚琴(zhǔ hè fén qín) means to utterly ruin something good.
Another idiom points out the futility of playing something beautiful for ears that simply can't appreciate it. If 对 (duì) to the 牛 (niú) cow you 弹 (tán) play the 古琴, you have chosen a very poor audience - 对牛弹琴(duì niú tán qín).
As a general term, the 琴 can also be used to create many compound words. By combining it together with 钢 (gāng) steel, you get a piano(钢琴) . If you combine it with口 (kǒu) mouth , you get a harmonica(口琴). Combining it with电子(diànzǐ) electronic , you get a electronic organ( 电子琴), and with小 (xiǎo) small and 提 (tí) lift up, you get violin (小提琴) . By adding it to 竖 (shù) vertical, you can create a harp(竖琴).
Image credit:Weng5ji.blog.com
Article by Wang Tong (王彤)
